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Wednesday, May 13, 2015

Google transparency report details ‘right to be forgotten’ requests

Even though we warn inept teenagers about the permanence of the Internet, in Europe, it's not so simple. Last year, the European Union enacted a "right to be forgotten" policy which lets anyone petition Google, directly, to have specific URLs removed from search procedures.

More often than not, the petitioner is not affiliated with the site in question, the URL is simply host to embarrassing information that the requester would rather have withheld from search results. Since its official request process began on May 29, 2014, Google has been inundated with removal requests detailed in its latest transparency report.

According to the report, the search giant evaluated exactly 922,638 URLs for removal. Google declined to remove more than half of the requests it received. Only 41 percent of requested URLs were actually removed.

It's up to Google to evaluate each request and the impact of its removal. Google states that it "must consider the rights of the individual as well as the public interest in the content."

Google gives a lengthy list of typical requests it has encountered. For example, a man whose conviction of a serious crime was overturned asked Google to remove an article about the initial incident; in that case, Google obliged. In contrast, when a high-ranking official from Hungary asked to remove recent articles about an old criminal conviction, Google did not remove articles from search results.

Facebook was the location with the most URLs taken down. The top ten locations account for only 8% of the total URLs removed from Google searches, as requests came from all over the internet.

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Publishers Send Diverse Group of News Articles in Facebook Debut

Some felt it would revolutionize journalism. Others thought it might be the beginning of its destruction. But on Wednesday, what readers mostly saw in Facebook Instant Articles, the new format by which news organizations are publishing directly on Facebook, was an eclectic mix of articles rather than a clear signal of what is to come.

BuzzFeed’s first offering was a list titled “13 Steps to Instantly Improve Your Day.” National Geographic presented an article on breeding a hardier bee, with pictures and videos that revealed the insects in minute detail. The New York Times chose a visually rich article about a Brazilian gymnast turned aerial skier. The Atlantic chose a long magazine report about the death penalty.

It is not clear when the first batch of articles will be succeeded by a more regular stream of offerings from the publishers. Though the news organizations retain control over which articles go onto the service, Facebook will decide when it will begin running full force. That will probably be within weeks, according to a person with knowledge of the terms, who spoke on condition of anonymity.

BuzzFeed plans to put all its content that fits the format, which is aimed at iPhones, on Facebook. When articles are published online, said Dao Nguyen, its publisher, they will appear on Instant Articles, too. The company also plans to include sponsored content — articles BuzzFeed creates for advertisers. Editors, she said, will most likely want to experiment with the array of tools that the platform offers, including interactive maps and seamless video integration.

Ms. Nguyen said that while it was too soon to measure the impact of Instant Articles, the early feedback from readers had been overwhelmingly positive.

For The New York Times, said Kinsey Wilson, an executive overseeing the project, “it will start as a relatively handcrafted effort, both in selection of articles and monitoring how they will render on the Facebook side.” Though The Times publishes something like 300 articles a day, he said, “we want to step into this carefully.”

His caution reflects the concern of publishers that they are operating in uncharted territory and gambling that the huge audience Facebook can deliver is worth the trade-off of yielding custody of their journalism. Visitors who click on Instant Articles remain within Facebook’s realm, rather than being redirected to the publishers’ own websites.

Joshua Benton, director of the Nieman Journalism Lab at Harvard, said he expected that publishers would see good financial returns on the plan, which promises that news organizations can keep all the revenue from ads they sell themselves on the service, or 70 percent of the revenue on ads Facebook sells. “It’s very much in Facebook’s interest to make sure they do,” Mr. Benton said.

That, and the lure of more readers, probably means the new service will expand, both in the number of articles on the service and the number of publishers, he said. Facebook could respond to some suggestions on Wednesday that the service would be ideal for local news outlets, he said, and include them in the future. It is also likely, he said, that other social and mobile platforms will follow suit with similar initiatives.

“I suspect that many established news sources are saying, ‘If we don’t go there, are we generationally undermining our franchise?’ ” said Rob Norman, chief digital officer of WPP’s GroupM, the world’s largest buyer of online advertising, with more than $5 billion in billings, and a board member of BBC Global News.

“What this reminds me of is the relatively early dot-com days,” he said, when “the object of the exercise was to pursue users, then work out what to do.”

An important element, Mr. Benton said, is advertising technology. “Most publishers do a terrible job of making money off mobile traffic and social traffic, and they have a very uninspiring set of user data,” he said. “They don’t know much about their users. Facebook promises to tackle all three of these problems.”

Facebook declined to comment. But one of the staff members involved in Instant Articles pointed to an analysis of the service by the technology consultant Ben Thompson. The inventory of ads, Mr. Thompson said, “is ever-increasing, which means the rates for an undifferentiated ad spot are ever-decreasing,” he said. The best way to combat that, he said, “is through better ads, better placement, better targeting and better measurement.”

Facebook is poised to become the dominant player in that space, Mr. Thompson suggested.

The risk, Mr. Benton said, would be if Facebook’s ad technology — known for being able to target users precisely — became more appealing to advertisers than buying through publications.

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Monday, May 11, 2015

Say Goodbye to These 5 Web Design Trends

Thankfully, computers, phones, and cameras are not the only areas where technology evolves. Web design has changed drastically since early 2000 and it appears to be changing trends again. Over the years, web designers find what works and what causes people to leave a site. Here are five of the web design trends that you will soon be able to say goodbye to.

Desktop-Only Sites

Smartphones and tablets have taken the technology world by storm and sites now have to conform. Google is pushing the issue by ranking sites based on their mobility. Sites that are best viewed on desktops will be phased out, as viewers will be looking for the ability to visit on-the-go. You will find that web pages are going to load faster and graphics will be responsive to screen differences. It is vital for a site’s success to handle mobile devices, and businesses will enjoy the ability to only have to pay for one version for their site.

Complexity

Over the past few years, websites have become more simplistic in design. It appears that minimalist designs are attracting more viewers and this is very apparent with Apple’s new iOS version. It has been found that when Apple makes a large change in their software, the rest of the technology world follows. It may also be that the simple designs are more likely to be seamless when it comes to switching from desktop to mobile. Whatever the reason, complicated designs are being left behind.

Multiple Pages

Similar to the simplicity of the design of a site, the latest trends show that multiple page sites are disappearing. A lot more is being done with one or two pages, with links reserved for contact us, about us, and blog pages. When you take out the need to constantly click on links, you are going to spend more time on a site. In addition, sites that enable scrolling as the main feature load faster and are more responsive.

Stock Photos

With programs like Picmonkey making editing photos simple, stock photos are quickly becoming an outdated web design tool. Photos are now being taken that show reality and reach target audiences. It is imperative that photos are original and clear to the point, all while gaining the trust of your readers. It should also be noted that videos are becoming more common than photos.

Dated Typography

Typography is also getting a complete overhaul when it comes to web design. Sites that use Calibri or Times New Roman are being phased out. Designers are finding fonts that are bigger and attract the reader’s attention. The shading is gone – removing the 3D appearance to titles – and big, bold letters are being used instead.

Web design is moving away from static designs that use a lot of simple text and stock photos. The new trends have videos, real photographs, and fun fonts to draw the attention of the target audience.

Alesia Hsiao has been writing tech articles online for several years as a ghost writer. Over the past year she has published numerous articles on credible tech websites.

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5 Advanced SEO Strategies for Inbound Experts

SEO is easy to pick up, but very difficult to master. Anyone who spends a few hours learning the fundamental pillars of SEO can get a relatively firm grasp on the basics — including keeping your site updated, harnessing the power of great content, building external links, and getting involved on social media. Each of those strategies is critically important to an SEO campaign, and you can spend months or even years perfecting your approach to each of those strategies.

For the experienced inbound marketer, the basic advice on how to best handle those tactics is redundant. Browsing through the archives of articles on SEO shows you just how in-depth those basic strategies can be, but it doesn’t provide you with any new information or any advanced techniques that you can put to use in your own SEO campaign.

Fortunately, there are plenty of more advanced tips and tricks you can use to gain traction in your SEO strategy:

1. Site Speed Optimization

You may already be aware that the speed of your site plays a role in how you rank. Specifically, the faster your site loads and the quicker your users can engage with your material, the better you’re going to fare in search visibility. But you may not be aware of all the micro-tactics you can employ to effectively maximize your site’s speed.

First, improve your browser caching — make sure your caching plugin (or function) is enabled, but keep it free from complicated settings. Compress as much information on your site as possible, clear out any old pages or drafts stored in your back end, and reduce the size of all your images by loading smaller versions and stripping them of meta data before uploading. You should also find a reliable hosting provider, minimize your redirects, and simplify your code as much as possible, giving users as much functionality as possible without bogging down the processes necessary to make it happen. As with anything else in SEO, you’ll probably have to make tweaks over time.

2. Advanced Link-Building Techniques

Simple link-building tactics include posting in industry forums or submitting guest posts to similar sites. It’s time to take those strategies to the next level. First, start wooing government and educational sites in your area - .gov and .edu links are hard to get, but they’re some of the juiciest links you can find. Sponsor a community college or provide data to a local branch of government — build real relationships with your local .gov and .edu site holders, and build links from there.

Next, start producing high-quality images. Infographics are, of course, effective for this, but any high-quality photography will do. Make them publicly available, so long as people link back to your domain, and as other bloggers and authors use them, they’ll link to your website to give image credit. You can also take more efforts to circulate your great content by posting them on social bookmarking sites and getting involved in more social channels.

3. Establishing a Multi-Platform Presence

By now, you undoubtedly have a Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, but the social world is far more complex today than it was even two years ago. Get involved on as many channels and platforms as possible. Start by making a mobile app — Google is indexing apps now, and they’ll likely play a larger role in ranking in the future. Then claim your company’s profile on any social platforms you’ve as of yet neglected, such as Snapchat, Yik Yak, or Meerkat. Wider visibility is always better.

Finally, get yourself noticed on all the third-party apps you can. List your business on local directories like Yelp, but go a step further to get mentioned in other applications. Strike a deal with Uber or Lyft. Find niche apps related to your industry, and offer something of value to them in exchange for a mention.

4. Ensuring the Accessibility of Your Site

Take the time to occasionally gauge the accessibility of your site using Google Webmaster Tools. First, check to ensure your site is up and functioning properly, then head to the "Crawl Errors" section and scout for any page-level discrepancies that might have sprouted since the last time you checked. If there are any 404 errors listed here, set up a 301 redirect to a new, appropriate page to instantly fix the problem.

You’ll also want to pull a manually updated sitemap from your website and compare it against all the pages that Google lists as currently indexed. If there are any discrepancies here, you might have a major indexing problem.

5. Subverting the Knowledge Graph

The Knowledge Graph is one of the most formidable obstacles search marketers will face in the next few years. Because it offers searchers immediate information, it prevents at least some portion of potential visitors from traveling to your site. Right now, the Knowledge Graph’s domain is relatively limited, but it’s going to expand dramatically in the next few years.

To prepare for this, shift your content strategy. Stay away from any topics that provide immediate, direct information about a general topic. Instead, focus on in-depth how-to articles or very niche questions that Google wouldn’t be able to easily store in a database. Keep your topics as specific as possible, and start answering more complicated questions.

These are only a handful of the advanced practices that inbound experts use to hone their approach to SEO. With an in-depth knowledge of the functions in Webmaster Tools and a ground-level understanding of website code, you can delve even deeper into the bits and pieces that ultimately make your website successful in ranking higher.

I’ll leave you with one more piece of advice, useful for new SEO strategists but indispensable for more experienced experts: read the news. It’s advice you’ve undoubtedly heard before, but it’s all too easy to let the habit slip. In as little as a few days, you could fall behind the times and your strategy could lag behind the competition. Staying up-to-date on the latest technologies, latest Google updates, and latest rounds of speculation could very well give you the competitive edge you need to stay ahead.

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Mobilegeddon Is Beginning, Not Ending

Google’s mobile friendly update came and went with a bit of a whimper, rolling out on April 21, 2015, to much fanfare and not much substance.

Part of this is because webmasters were so concerned about the impact of “mobilegeddon” that they finally did what they should have done in 2009 when Google announced blended mobile ranking. Google tells us that there was a 4.7% increase in mobile friendly sites in March and April as a result of this mobile friendly update, so a lot of people were scared enough of potential traffic loss to make their sites mobile friendly.

But then 4/21 came around, and the update was a lot tamer than its apocalyptic nickname implied. Those who monitor changes in rankings en masse didn’t see anything that would justify the Google quote about this update being more significant than Panda or Penguin. While it may have affected a lot of queries, it didn’t (as far as we know) level businesses the way that its predecessors did, and wasn’t “significant” in that sense.

Before we give a collective shrug to the idea of mobile friendly content, however, we should remember three things:

1. Businesses Lost Search Traffic As A Result Of Not Being Mobile Friendly

A new (to the U.S., at least) development resulting from the mobile friendly update is that, for certain queries, listings rank higher in smartphone search than they do in desktop search simply because the site that previously ranked higher is not mobile friendly.

If you still haven’t seen any examples of this, definitely check out Glenn Gabe’s growing list.

You can also see it pretty clearly using SEMRush. If I put in a site that I know is mobile-unfriendly — like our friend (and SEL Editor In Chief) Matt McGee’s U2 fan site, which he said on Mobilegeddon eve would be leveled by the mobile friendly update — we can see that it appears to have taken a little hit.

Not “leveled,” fortunately; but since it’s only 6% mobile-friendly according to SEMRush, we see smartphone rankings decreasing at a faster rate through the mobile update than desktop rankings.

The desktop rankings appear to remain constant, with the site losing only five “top three” search results since April 14.

On the other hand, the mobile rankings clearly trend downward, losing 43 “top three” search results since that time.

This is likely not accidental, but a result of Google’s mobile friendly update. Hopefully, Matt will update us in the future on how this affected traffic, but early results from SearchMetrics further demonstrate that there were clear winners and losers in this update.

The sky never fell, Chicken Little — but for some, it clearly rained.

2. Mobile Rankings Have Never Been More Different From Desktop Rankings Than They Are Right Now

Consider this: Back in 2011, one of the most popular and well-known SEOs in the world, Rand Fishkin, was not optimistic about the future of mobile SEO, predicting instead that mobile search rankings and desktop search rankings would converge, eliminating the need for a mobile website.

In fact, it has actually played out in the exact opposite way, with search results and queries diverging — not converging — over time. Even with smartphones having the ability to access content that computers can, search engines have optimized the search results for desktops and smartphones, and what we’re left with is smartphone search results that aren’t the same as what you’d see on a desktop or laptop.

This started well before the mobile friendly update. I’ve listed differences between mobile and desktop search results on Search Engine Land over the years, and in 2013, Google announced that they would start ranking pages with mobile site configuration errors lower in smartphone search results.

In June 2014, Bright Edge reported that mobile search results were 62% different than desktop results. SEO Clarity reported that this number was 67% prior to April 21 and climbed to as high as 73.1% following the mobile update. It has since stabilized a bit, with the last reported number at 69%, but it’s clear the mobile friendly update has only increased the already big difference between smartphone and desktop rankings.

3. It Will Only Get Worse For Those Not Optimized For Multiple Screens

And the genie is not going back in the bottle. If you’re hoping that Google will abandon their mobile-friendly algorithm, never say never, but it’s unlikely to happen anytime soon. In fact, I respectfully disagree with my friend (and SEL editor) Barry Schwartz, who recently said that he thinks we’re seeing the worst of the mobile friendly update. Mobilegeddon, I think, is really just beginning.

Google has more of an incentive to continue to update search results for mobile searchers, as they recently announced that there are officially more smartphone than desktop searches in the U.S. As long as searchers continue to use their smartphones to search, and they are in growing numbers, Google will prioritize those searchers and attempt to give them the best experience.

This means that Google will continue to tweak their mobile-friendly algorithm over time, adding factors as they see it helps the mobile searcher.

Google’s Gary Ilyes confirmed to me just yesterday that we haven’t seen the last of the mobile friendly algorithm. When I asked him if mobile page speed would be the next factor in their mobile friendly algorithm, he said:

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WSJ: Yelp Seeking A Potential Buyer

The Wall Street Journal is reporting that Yelp is working with investment bankers and has “been in touch with potential buyers” to explore a sale of the company. Yelp’s market cap is just under $3 billion with a sale potentially in the $3.5 billion range (or above) according to the publication.

The anonymous sources cited in the article said, however, that a “deal is not imminent.”

Prior to its IPO Google unsuccessfully tried to buy the company for more than $500 million. It would be interesting to see if Google gets involved in any bidding that could happen — if this is real.

In addition to Google, the usual suspects (e.g., Microsoft, Yahoo, Facebook) as well as travel companies such as Priceline would potentially be suitors for the reviews company. Given Apple’s relationship with Yelp, I would imagine they would be a serious contender as well.

Last quarter Yelp reported revenues of $118.5 million. That represented 55 percent revenue growth; however investors were still disappointed by those results. The exploration of a sale indicates the company may not have confidence in its long-term growth prospects.

Among the numbers disclosed in the Q1 earnings release, Yelp said that it has 77 million total reviews and 142 million unique users. It also reported more than 90,000 local advertisers.

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Google Testing “Value Alert” Notice In Google Shopping Ads

May indicate a new way of highlighting items on sale in product listing ads.

Google has another test running on product listing ads, this time one that highlights “value” products.

Spotted by Elizabeth Marsten at CommerceHub on Thursday, the test displays a “Value alert” message at the bottom of the ad. What’s interesting is that the ad from the DermStore does not have the lowest product price among the ads shown. The ad shown from Raya Skin Care has by far the lowest price at $25.00. Rather it may be that Google is testing a new way of showing items that are on sale or significantly discounted.

A look at the product page on DermStore.com does show sale prices on that brand (there is not a Vitaphenol serum listed on the site, though, and it’s not clear which product is showing in the search results). The “Value alert” message may only trigger based on the size of the discount; the Vitapehenol products on sale are currently discounted by 52 percent. It’s also not clear if the advertisers’ TrustedStores status has anything to do with inclusion in the test.

The experiment does appear to be very limited at this point. I haven’t been able to get it to trigger, and Marsten says she wasn’t able to get it to display again in subsequent searches.

Google declined to offer details when we asked about it, but we’ll update here if we learn anything more.

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FMX Wraps 20th Edition; APD, Stuttgart Show Results

The 20th anniversary edition of FMX in Stuttgart, Germany, is in the books as an event worthy of celebrating two decades of spotlighting the best in the art and technology of visual effects and animation.

Capping with a special screening of Avengers: Age of Ultron, the four-day event reports 3,200 attendees from 55 countries flocked to FMX on a daily basis. The percentage of professionals compared to the students amounted to 61 percent, and there were 270 speakers from 22 countries who delivered presentations, workshops and panel discussions.

Meanwhile, the concurrent Animation Production Day reported that a contract for a European co-production was signed at the event — a first for the show. Jan Bonath of Scopas Medien AG, Germany, and Mark Mertens of Grid Animation, Belgium, signed a coproduction agreement for the project Marnie’s World.

APD drew 120 participants from 12 different countries that discussed and negotiated co-operations for the 37 selected animation projects showcased in this year’s APD in Stuttgart’s L-Bank in over 450 one-to-one meetings.

The total production volume of these projects is around 130 million euros, equivalent to $145 million.

The 22nd Stuttgart Festival of Animated Film — another related event — honored the best productions in the field of applied animation at the Animated Com Award.

The main prize was awarded to Arnaud & Jérôme from France for League of Legends: Warriors.

Within the advertising category, Manvsmachine from Great Britain won with their commercial Nike Mercurial Superfly IV.

The Award for technology was awarded to Ghost Peloton by Mark Huskisson, Great Britain.

Smart Ampelmännchen by Marten Persiel from Germany won the award for spatial communication.

Nate Theis of the United States and his production Driving won a special prize called Future Needs Derivation – Mobility in a Digital World, presented by Daimler AG, which includes 2,500 euros.

The Lapp Connected Award — also including at 2,500 euro prize — was given to Pass It On, by Teresa Cruz.

Animation

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Gluckman’s pat for Indian animation

When DreamWorks Studios, the American film production company, first planned on setting shop in other markets, they launched a sort of international location scouting, before zeroing in on Bengaluru , back in 2008. Creative Director Philippe Gluckman says the diverse culture in India was one of the key factors which led them to take that decision.

“I feel the culture here lends itself to creative things. Also, there is a large native talent pool in animation here. The knowledge of English also helps. Cost-effectiveness was a factor, but not the dominant reason,” says Gluckman, who was in the city this weekend to participate in the Animation Masters summit organised by the Toonz Media Group.

In the initial days of the DreamWorks Dedicated Unit in Bangalore, the team was producing animated commercials. TV specials, high-quality material produced exclusively for television, happened later.

Just six years later, in 2014, they produced their first full-length feature Penguins of Madagascar .

“Making major parts of Puss in Boots here was a big deal for us. With Penguins… , we went a step ahead. We worked right from building the characters, the look of the film, to the production phase. Though we planned to produce the entire film here, the last part had to be shifted out owing to scheduling issues,” he says.

Working with a young team of 240, a majority of whom are from India, reminds Gluckman of his earlier days in the industry, of working with small dynamic teams.

Downside

“The only downside here is working so far from the U.S., and the problems of different timelines. But, coming to India changed me, artistically and personally. I am a runner and of late, I have been going into villages and the visual culture there is so fascinating. Also, the people are very welcoming and warm. I am also interested in learning languages. We now speak Hindi at home. We also watch Hindi films occasionally, like the Munnabhai series or 3 Idiots .”

Working on Indian content is something that he looks forward to, although the studios are yet to warm up to it. Plans were there to produce a ‘Bollywood-style’ musical on Ramayana, which did not take off. “I have seen some of the animation films produced here. Some are interesting and some are dated. But I feel we need to continue to give opportunities to people from here. With the kind of talent pool here, it is unfortunate that the artists here think that they have to go outside the country to make it. This scenario should change.”

He feels that some of the animation films being produced internationally follow a stale formula. “In the initial days, we were making very ambitious expensive films. But, we have to move beyond this one model of making animation films. We now have more diverse markets, and we have to make targeted films.”

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Anti-Aging Measures for Disney’s Animation Cels

The hand-drawn animation cels used to create cartoons before the advent of computers have aged poorly. Their cellulose and polyester backings have buckled, cracked and yellowed, and the watercolor paint is peeling. To determine the best way to prevent further damage, the Disney Animation Research Library, which owns millions of these works, is collaborating with the Getty Conservation Institute.

Michael R. Schilling, a senior scientist at the Getty institute, said researchers are studying which protective materials to wrap around the cels, what temperature are best for storage and how to reattach lost paint.

The original opaque paints were designed to be durable and flexible enough to withstand rough treatment as the cellulose sheets were passed around during filming sessions. Disney animators mixed the paints themselves instead of buying commercial brands that might not have adhered to the plastic. “Too much was at stake when they made these movies to leave anything to chance,” Mr. Schilling said.

Researchers will subject tiny cel samples to lab tests to simulate years of exposure to conditions like extreme temperatures, light, moisture and air. The results will also be useful to conservators working on 20th-century sculptures that contain plastics, Mr. Schilling said.

The Getty’s efforts will help preserve the animation collection not only for historians interested in Disney studies but also for future generations of cinephiles.

In September, a four-hour documentary about Walt Disney will air on public television. Sarah Colt, the director and producer, said the movie will have footage of animators at work. “It just took an army of artists” to make the early films, she said.

Cels from Disney productions have ended up on the market, selling for as little as a few hundred dollars each.

Heritage Auctions in Dallas, which regularly offers them, notes occasional condition problems in its catalogs, such as wrinkles and cracks.

SHAKESPEAREAN OBSESSION

Biographers only recently started poring over the voluminous documentation that Henry Clay Folger and his wife, Emily, made of their purchases of Shakespearean works. “The Millionaire and the Bard: Henry Folger’s Obsessive Hunt for Shakespeare’s First Folio,” due out on Tuesday from Simon & Schuster, by Andrea Mays, explains how the couple divided up responsibilities in their shared mania.

The Folgers built their Shakespeare collection with little input from others. From the 1880s to the 1920s, they invested Mr. Folger’s Standard Oil earnings in hundreds of thousands of publications, manuscripts and paintings. They paid tens of thousands of dollars each for rarities, including editions of plays printed in 1623, known as First Folios. When the Folgers traveled, they took along boxfuls of file cards of their cataloged acquisitions. To ensure everything would stay together, they built the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington.

“Emily read thousands of booksellers’ catalogs, marking them with dog-eared corners and making pencil squiggles in the margins,” Ms. Mays writes in “The Millionaire and the Bard.” Henry Folger negotiated with dealers and tracked what was for sale around the world. “He took meticulous notes on condition, completeness, binding, provenance, and prices paid,” she continues.

One of the couple’s favorite dealers was A. S. W. Rosenbach, whom Stephen H. Grant, the author of “Collecting Shakespeare: The Story of Henry and Emily Folger” (published last year by Johns Hopkins University Press), describes as “the most erudite rascal in the book business.” When Mr. Rosenbach needed quick cash, Mr. Grant writes, he would show an associate “something printed in the Shakespearean period and plead: ‘Can you make this into Shakespeareana? I want to sell it to Folger.’ ” References to Denmark and Falstaff’s basso singing were sometimes enough to persuade Mr. Folger to write checks.

Next year, for the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death, the Folger library will team up with the Cincinnati Museum Center and the American Library Association on exhibitions of the 1623 First Folios, which will travel to all 50 states.

Daniel De Simone, head librarian at the Folger, said that despite the recent biographies, the Folgers’ innermost thoughts and feelings remain a mystery.

“The nature of their private relationship is even unknown to us,” he said.

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